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D.ShahamY.LiX

ROS may accumulate due to: Environmental toxins Inflammation Radiation exposure Aging Source: International Journal of Molecular Science Environmental Toxins / Drugs Certain toxins or drugs may damage mitochondria or inhibit respiratory chain enzymes, such as: Pesticides (e.g., rotenone, paraquat) Alcohol Antibiotics (e.g., chloramphenicol) Antiretrovirals (e.g., nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) Source: Current Environmental Health Reports Nutrient Deficiencies Mitochondrial function depends on cofactors and nutrients such as: Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) B vitamins (especially B1, B2, B3, B5) L-carnitine Magnesium Alpha-lipoic acid Deficiencies may impair ATP production or increase oxidative burden

Footnotes Funding

Urologia e AndrologiaPoliclinico Casilino Roma) for initially starting the study and providing the local Ethics Committee approval for the study, which was initially performed at their institutions, as well as for offering the study results to the authors for study completing, data analysis and manuscript writing